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 Chapter II, Section 22 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Chapter II, Section 22 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria provides that: “The press, radio, television and other agencies of the mass media shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this Chapter and uphold the responsibility and accountability of the Government to the people.”   Although this provision does not use the language of “rights” in the same way Section 39 does, it functions as an institutional guarantee of press freedom in several important ways. First, it constitutionally recognises the media as a democratic watchdog. By mandating that the press shall “uphold the responsibility and accountability of the Government,” the Constitution assigns the media a monitoring and oversight role. This means the media is not merely permitted to criticise government; it is constitutionally expected to do so. A duty to hold government acco...

Media-specific regulations and international standards that support press freedom   Media-specific regulations and international standards that support press freedom operate at two levels: domestic legal frameworks that structure media practice within Nigeria, and international human rights instruments that establish normative standards binding on states. Together, they create a layered protection system which are constitutional, statutory, regulatory, and supranational.   At the domestic level in Nigeria, Section 39 of the 1999 Constitution provides the foundational guarantee for freedom of expression and the press. However, beyond this general protection, several media-specific regulations shape how press freedom is exercised. The Nigerian Press Council Act establishes the Nigerian Press Council (NPC), which is tasked with promoting high professional standards in journalism and handling complaints against the press. While originally conceived as a self-regulatory oversight...

The Meaning of Press Freedom Press freedom refers to the right of media organisations, journalists, and individuals to gather, report, and disseminate information without undue interference, censorship, or control by the government, political authorities, or other powerful institutions. It is a cornerstone of democracy, ensuring that citizens have access to information necessary for informed decision-making, holding public officials accountable, and fostering debate on societal issues. According to McQuail (2010), press freedom also implies the autonomy of the media to critique governments, expose corruption, and champion human rights. Press freedom, however, does not mean absolute freedom. Ethical journalism, accuracy, and responsibility are essential to prevent misinformation, defamation, and the abuse of this freedom. Difference Between Freedom of Expression and P ress Freedom Freedom of Expression Definition: Freedom of expression is the broader right of every individual to ...